Integrated smallholder agriculture aquaculture in Asia: optimizing trophic flows

Abstract

A nutrient modelling approach was applied to show how the combination of crops, trees, livestock, and fish, that is, integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA), helps in optimizing trophic flows in Asian rice-based agroecosystems. Integrated natural resource management can benefit the farm's nutrient balance sheet and nutrient use efficiency, while generating productive systems.